code state. Hist. A state that, at a given time, had already procedurally merged law and equity, so that equity was no longer administered as a separate system; a state in which there is only one form of civil action. • This term was current primarily in the early to mid-20th century. Cf. NONCODE STATE.
noncode state. Hist. A state that, at a given time, had not procedurally merged law and equity, so that equity was still administered as a separate system. • The term was current primarily in the early to mid-20th century. — Also termed common-law state. Cf. CODE STATE.
United States Code Annotated. A multivolume publication of the complete text of the United States Code with historical notes, cross-references, and casenotes of federal and state decisions construing specific Code sections. — Abbr. USCA.
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(1) United States Code/U.S.C. (1) 《美国法典》 在1926年以前，联邦制定的所有实在法〔positive law〕均被收录在《1875年修订制定法》〔Revised Statutes of 1875〕及其后出版的24卷《制定法大全》〔Statutes at Large〕中。1925年，国会两院任命一特别委员会，在其主持下制定《美国法典》。《1875年修订制定法》中未被废除的部分及1873年之后的《制定法大全》中仍然有效的所有公法〔public laws〕和一般法〔general laws〕均被收录在内。这些法律被分为50个标题重新编排后出版，这就是1926年版的《美国法典》，共4卷。1927-1933年间每年出版一部补编，收录1926年后通过的法律。1934年又出版一个新的版本，将对1926年版的所有补编均收入，这就是1934年版的《美国法典》。此后，每6年即出一个新的版本，将其间的补编收入。《美国法典》与《1875年修订制定法》最重要的区别在于它从未被作为一个整体提交给国会，要求国会以立法程序通过，相反，国会设立了一个法律修订处〔Office of Law Revision Counsel〕，由其对《美国法典》逐个标题加以修订，然后将单个标题提交国会通过为法律。到现在为止，已有25个标题被国会通过为法律。因此，在援引法典时必须首先明确援引部分是否已被国会通过成为实在法。那些未被提交国会通过的标题只是法律的表面证据〔prima facie evidence of the law〕，如果其内容与《制定法大全》相冲突，应以后者为准。 (→Statutes at Large；United States Revised Statutes)
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United States Code. A multivolume published codification of federal statutory law. • In a citation, it is abbreviated as USC, as in 42 USC § 1983.
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Annotated Editions of the United States Code 美国法典注释版 《美国法典》〔U.S.C.〕是由官方出版机构出版和发行的，其出版通常较慢，尤其在发行补编的情况下，往往要到国会会期结束若干个月以后才能得到；而且，立法机关通过的法律其含义并不总是很清楚，法律所使用的文字也必须经常得到法院的解释。因此，经常获得对制定法作出解释的法院判决变得同获得制定法文本同样重要，由此导致了法典注释的出版。官方版《美国法典》的注释，是由私人出版机构来完成的。最着名的法典注释有两套：一套是《美国法典注释》〔United States Code Annotated/U.S.C.A.〕，由韦氏出版公司〔West Publishing Company〕出版。除了相关的判例注释外，法典每节〔code section〕下边的注释还与韦氏公司的其他出版物相互参考，并经常注明附加判例的主题〔topic〕及其钥匙号〔key numbers〕。此外，每年都出版平装本的多卷本索引，且每一标题都有自己的索引。另一套是《美国法典服务》〔United States Code Service/U.S.C.S.〕，由律师合作出版公司和班克罗夫特-惠特尼公司出版，为其总客户服务图书馆〔Total Client-Service Library〕的一个单元〔unit〕。它包括一个多卷本的索引和一个两卷本的《美国法典指南》〔United States Code Guide〕，《指南》按照《美国法典》的引文〔citation〕排列，并标明法典每节下边的哪些事项在总客户服务图书馆的其他单元中讨论。此外，还有未编号的四卷本收录了联邦行政机关的程序规则，第四卷则收录了《世界版权公约》〔Universal Copyright Convention〕、《执行外国仲裁裁决公约》〔Convention on Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards〕和《华沙公约》〔Warsaw Convention〕的文本。两套法典注释都包含了《美国法典》的原文，以及曾引用法典或对法典进行解释的判决摘要。它们都通过发行年度插袋式补编、每月出版一次小册子，或在必要时发行替代卷本，使注释得到及时更新。U.S.C.A.的注释内容比U.S.C.S.要多，U.S.C.S.经常交叉参考《美国判例汇编(联邦)》〔A.L.R.Fed.〕或《美国最高法院判例集律师版》〔Lawyers’ Edition of the United States Reports〕中的注释，而替代自己提供注释。较之U.S.C.，两套注释使用方便，更为通用和便于检索。由于U.S.C.中只有部分标题经国会重新制定为法律，而U.S.C.A.即使用U.S.C.中的法律文本，U.S.C.S.则使用《制定法大全》〔Statutes at Large〕中的文本，因此，在使用U.S.C.A.时，对那些仍未经国会重新制定为法律的标题，在必要时应与《制定法大全》中的文本相对照。
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black codes. (usu. cap.) Hist. 1. Antebellum state laws enacted to regulate slavery. 2. Laws enacted shortly after the Civil War in the ex-Confederate states to restrict the liberties of the newly freed slaves to ensure a supply of inexpensive agricultural labor and to maintain white supremacy. “Clearly, leaders of the old South who survived
National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. An organization that drafts and proposes statutes for adoption by individual states, with the goal of making the laws on various subjects uniform among the states. • Founded in 1892 and composed of representatives from all 50 states, the Conference has drafted more than 200 uniform laws,
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Model Code of Professional Responsibility. A set of ethical guidelines for lawyers, organized in the form of canons, disciplinary rules, and ethical considerations. • Published by the ABA in 1969, this code has been replaced in most states by the Model Rules of Professional Conduct. [Cases: Attorney and Client 32(2). C.J.S. Attorney and Client §
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Uniform Code of Military Justice. 1. CODE OF MILITARY JUSTICE. 2. A model code promulgated by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws to govern state military forces when not in federal service. 11 U.L.A. 335 et seq. (1974). — Abbr. UCMJ. [Cases: Military Justice 502. C.J.S. Military Justice § 3.]
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